Writers: Sarah Harper (University of Victoria and Wildlife Conservation Society) and Danika Kleiber (WorldFish and James Cook University) with contributions from Afrina Choudhury (WorldFish and Wageningen University), Alice Joan Ferrer (University of the Philippines Visayas), Amelia Duffy-Tumasz (Temple University), Ashley Fent (Vassar College), Ayodele Oloko (University of Bremen), Carmen Pedroza (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Charlotte Gough (Blue Ventures and University of Exeter), Chikondi Manyungwa-Pasani (Department of Fisheries, Malawi), Clonesha Romeo (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries, Rural Transformation, Industry and Labour, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines), Cynthia McDougall (Stockholm Environment Institute), Diego Salgueiro-Otero (Universidade de Vigo), Elena Ojea (Universidade de Vigo), Gonzalo Macho (Universidade de Vigo and Fisheries Consultant), Holly M. Hapke (University of California – Irvine), Hunter Snyder (Dartmouth College), Jennifer Lee Johnson (Michigan State University), Kafayat Fakoya (Lagos State University), Kirsten Bradford (Simon Fraser University), Kumi Soejima (Setsunan University), Kyoko Kusakabe (Asian Institute of Technology), Laura Robson (Blue Ventures), Luceni Hellebrandt (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande – MARéSS), Madeleine Gustavsson (Ruralis – Institute for Rural and Regional Research, and University of Exeter), Maricela De la Torre Castro (Stockholm University), Molly Atkins (WorldFish and University of Birmingham), Nikita Gopal (ICAR – Central Institute of Fisheries Technology), Philippa J. Cohen (WorldFish and James Cook University), Tahiry Randrianjafimanana (Blue Ventures), Rindra Rasoloniriana (Blue Ventures), Sangeeta Mangubhai (Wildlife Conservation Society and Talanoa Consulting), Santiago de la Puente (University of British Columbia), Sara Fröcklin (Swedish Society for Nature Conservation and Stockholm University), Sarah Appiah (University of Ghana) and Sarah Lawless (James Cook University)
FAO, Duke University & WorldFish. 2023. Illuminating Hidden Harvests – The contributions of small-scale fisheries to sustainable development. Rome. https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4576enArticle
Article
Forfatter: Eirik M. Fuglestad
Denne artikkelen er ein refleksjon over den økonomiske situasjonen i norsk jordbruk slik den har utvikla seg sidan 1970-talet. Med dei klassiske teoriane om grunnrente som analytisk utgangspunkt går artikkelen gjennom den strukturelle utviklinga av jordbruket i denne perioden. Det peikast på to viktige utviklingstrekk som kan ha medverka til at dei verdiane som skriv seg frå den norske jordbruksjorda (det som tradisjonelt har vorte omtala som grunnrente), ikkje blir att hjå den aktive bonden: 1) at kapital erstattar eller supplerer noko av verdien naturen skapar, gjennom teknologiske investeringar og tilføring av energi, og 2) at marknaden «billiggjer» eller underbetaler maten til ein pris som ikkje reflekterer bruken av naturen (jorda), via oligobsoni i daglegvarebransjen og via verdisynet i den nyklassiske økonomien. Artikkelen ser dette som eit normativt samfunnsproblem som kan føra til fallande berekraft og til at samfunnet mistar viktige funksjonar. Som ei mogleg løysing på desse problema føreslår artikkelen at me må ta grunnleggjande diskusjonar om korleis me som samfunn verdset jorda og naturen, og at det er viktig at den økonomiske verdsetjinga baserer seg på at jordbruket er ei næring med stadeigne eigenskapar som både produserer frå unike førehald og produserer unike kvalitetar. Dette kan oppsumerast slik: 1) ei tilbakekopling mellom økologi og økonomi og 2) ei revaluering av verdi i det økonomiske systemet. Dette kan bidra til å synleggjera dei verdiane som skriv seg frå bruken av jorda, det som tradisjonelt sett har vorte sett på som grunnrente. Norsk sosiologisk tidsskrift, Vol.7, Iss.2. https://doi.org/10.18261/nost.7.2.3- Alexander Zahl-Thanem
- Anne Margrethe (Maggi) Brigham
- Reidun Heggem
- Gudveig Gjøsund
Article
Forfattere: Reidun Heggem, Gudveig Gjøsund, Alexander Zahl-Thanem og Anne Margrethe Brigham
Book
Bygder har skifta ham og distrikta har gjort opprør. Reidar Almås tar oss i denne boka med sjumilssteg gjennom 1900-talet fram til dagens bygdesamfunn. Almås nøyer seg ikkje med å beskrive og forklare, men gir også råd om korleis bygdefolk kan skape si eiga framtid, under omstende dei sjølve ikkje har valt. Det er viktig å forstå både fortida og notida for å forme fram-tida. Med ein fot i bygda og ein fot som professor og institusjonsbyggar på universitetet, tar Almås deg med på ei reise gjennom eit landskap som er sterkt forandra. Tufta på 45 år med bygde-forsking og praktisk bygdeliv, oppdaterer han oss på kva som skjer med distriktsnæringane og korleis det går med det grøne skiftet. Den skjøre balansen mellom by og land er avgjerande dersom vi skal ha tilgang til nok mat og rimeleg energi i åra som kjem. I kjølvatnet av dei mange distriktsopprøra har distrikts-politikken kome høgt på den politiske dagsordenen. For å skjøne kva som skjer, må vi skaffe oss oversikt over dei lange linjene i forholdet mellom bygd og by. Dei overordna spørsmåla vil vere: Kva har skjedd med bygdene våre, kvifor har det skjedd og kva vil og bør skje framover.
Publisher: Dreyer- Brit Logstein
- Aina Winsvold
- Halle Arnes
- Bjørn Hvaleby
Report
Writers: Brit Logstein, Aina Winsvold, Halle Arnes og Bjørn Hvaleby
Landbruks- og matdepartementet (LMD) har gitt Stiftelsen Norsk Mat oppdraget med å skaffe oversikt over arbeidsrelaterte ulykker, brann og HMS-arbeid i landbruket. Kunnskap om hvorfor og hvordan ulykker og brann skjer, er viktig for å forebygge slike hendelser på norske gårdsbruk. I januar 2022 sendte Stiftelsen Norsk Mat ut en spørreundersøkelse til alle registrerte personer i Landbruksregisteret. Nasjonalt fagkompetansesenter for landbrukshelse påtok seg oppdraget med å analysere dataene og skrive en rapport. I denne rapporten gjengir vi både de kvantitative og kvalitative svarene fra undersøkelsen. På bakgrunn av resultatene peker vi i rapporten på tiltak som bør vurderes iverksatt på henholdsvis individ- og systemnivå.Article
Writer: Eirik M. Fuglestad
Den norske utmarkshistoria har døme på korleis grunnrente har vore fordelte både som rettar til bruk, og som pengeverdiar. Det mest kjende døme er forvaltninga av fossekrafta slik den kom i stand fram mot 1917. Men også bureisinga som toppa seg på 1930-talet, Fjellova av 1920 og Jordlova av 1928 kan sjåast i denne samanhengen. Dette var grunnrente delt som rettigheitar til bruk av ressursane. Meir vanleg i dag er å sjå grunnrente som ein pengeverdi som kan skattleggjast, slik som det etter no er ved vasskraft, og som regjeringa har føreslått det skal bli på vindkraft og oppdrett. Ei framtidig forvaltning av utmarka må ha deling av grunnrenteverdien frå utmarksressursane som prinsipp dersom me skal gjennomføra eit sosialt berekraftig grønt skifte, der ulikskap mellom sentrum og periferi blir bøta på. Dette bør vera grunnrente forstått både som bruksrettar til naturressursar og som pengeverdi, slik at grunnrente kan bli eit breitt verktøy som kan sørgja for at verdiane frå naturressursane i større grad kan bli att i kommunane der dei ligg. Dette kan bidra til større kjensle av rettferd i utmarkskommunar i periferien ovanfor sentrum, til betre kommuneøkonomi i utmarkskommunar, og til at me verdsett naturressursane i større grad. Tidsskriftet UTMARK, nr.1 2023Article
I Johansen Pia Heike, Anne Tietjen, Evald Bundgård Iversen, Henrik Lauridsen Lolle and Jens Kaae Fisker (red.): Rural quality of life
- Egil Petter Stræte
- Lee-Ann Sutherland
- Anda Adamsone-Fiskovica
- Boelie Elzen
- Alexandros Koutsouris
- Catherine Laurent
- Pierre Labarthe
Article
Forfattere: Lee-Ann Sutherland, Anda Adamsone-Fiskovica, Boelie Elzen, Alexandros Koutsouris, Catherine Laurent, Egil Petter Stræte og Pierre Labarthe
The establishment of effective national agricultural knowledge and innovation systems (AKIS) became a European policy imperative in the 2010s, lodged in a political ideology which emphasised the importance of innovation to economic growth. We argue that the recent deployment of the AKIS concept in EU policy presents important opportunities for the agricultural sector and associated academic research but has significant weaknesses in terms of the scale of analysis (over emphasis on national levels) and disconnection from academic thinking on innovation processes. In this paper we progress the AKIS approach by utilising assemblage theory. We argue that assemblage concepts – in line with other ‘more-than-human’ approaches - offer mechanisms for recognising and integrating the role of non-human actants in innovation processes. Inclusion of these actants highlight the co-constructed nature of farm knowledge and associated transition processes. Assemblage concepts of historicity and rupture demonstrate how the path dependencies of farming are embedded in the material conditions of production, and the learning processes which occur when path dependencies are interrupted. We illustrate these contentions with empirical case studies of the ‘microAKIS’ – self-assembled farmer knowledge networks and associated processes - characterising four innovations across Europe: the introduction of a new commodity (avocado) in Greece, mainstreaming of robotic milking in Norway, retro-innovation of direct marketing in Latvia, and outsourcing of (dehumanised) farm labour in France. Journal of Rural Studies, Volume 97Article
Writers: Maja Farstad og Renate Marie Butli Hårstad
Agriculture is one sector under pressure when it comes to mitigation of climate change. To overcome the economic barriers preventing greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation measures from being implemented, this paper explores whether crowdfunding could be a feasible solution to this problem. The paper theoretically and empirically explores sociocultural barriers and enablers for crowdfunding aimed at agricultural GHG mitigation measures in Norway. The empirical analysis is based on focus-group interviews with farmers as potential fund-seekers and citizens as potential backers. The data are analysed in light of certain cultural characteristics previously identified as typical for Norway. Our findings indicate that, while these cultural characteristics manifest themselves in a crowdfunding context, they are not all-embracing. Our analysis points to opportunities for successful crowdfunding for GHG mitigation measures in agriculture given the right premises and including the right motivated people.Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography, Volume 122, 2022 - Issue 2, https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2022.2152972
- Klaus Mittenzwei
- Geir Wæhler Gustavsen
Article
Writers: Geir Wæhler Gustavsen and Klaus Mittenzwei
The demand for meat products is rising globally. A potential substitute for meat is synthetic meat, meat produce d in the laboratory. Synthetic meat is not in the market yet due to high production costs and regulatory issues, but it will probably be available during the next decade. If cheap and popular it may crowd out the demand and production of farmed meat and herby affect farmers income. In this study we have used data from a choice experiment in Norway to construct price and income elasticities for synthetic meat with three different assumptions. The data shows that half of the population does not accept synthetic meat. They will not buy it whatever the price. The own-price elasticities were estimated to be in the interval [-0.47,-0.08] and the cross-price elasticities were in the interval [0.09,0.40]. The income elasticities were all close to 0. If these elasticities were valid in a situation in which synthetic meat is available on the market, we could infer that the market for synthetic meat is limited. Proceedings in System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks 2022, DOI: https://doi.org/10.18461/pfsd.2022.2204- Aina Winsvold
- Manisha Bhardwaj
- Denice Lodnert
- Mattia Olsson
- Svein Eilertsen
- Petter Kjellander
- Andreas Seiler
Article
Writers: Manisha Bhardwaj, Denice Lodnert, Mattias Olsson, Aina Winsvold, Svein Morten Eilertsen, Petter Kjellander, Andreas Seiler
Prey species may display anti-predatory behavior, i.e., flight, increased vigilance, and decreased feeding, in response to the true presence of a predator or to the implied presence of a predator through, e.g., acoustic cues. In this study, we investigated the anti-predatory reactions of moose (Alces alces) to acoustic stimuli related to hunting, at saltlick stones, a known attractant. In before-during-after-control-impact experiments, we compared the behavioral responses of individuals to: (i) two hunting-related acoustic stimuli—hunting dog barking and human speaking; (ii) nonpredatory acoustic stimuli—bird sounds and; and (iii) no acoustic stimulus (control). We asked: (1) How does the probability of moose leaving the site differ depending on the stimulus they are exposed to?; (2) What affect do the acoustic stimuli have on the amount of time moose spend vigilant, feeding, or away from the site?; and (3) What affect do the stimuli have on the time between events at a site? We found that when exposed to the human stimulus, moose left the sites in 75% of the events, which was significantly more often compared to the dog (39%), bird (24%), or silent (11%) events. If moose did not leave the site, they spent more time vigilant, and less time feeding, particularly when exposed to a dog or human stimulus. Furthermore, moose spent the most time away from the site and took the longest to visit the site again after a human stimulus. Moose were also more likely to leave the site when exposed to the bird stimulus than during silent controls. Those that remained spent more time vigilant, but their behaviors returned to baseline after the bird stimulus ended. These findings suggest that acoustic stimuli can be used to modify the behavior of moose; however, reactions towards presumably threatening and nonthreatening stimuli were not as distinct as we had expected.
https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.9492, Ecology and Evolution, Volume12, Issue 11
- Mads Dahl Gjefsen (contract completed February 2023)
- Rob Burton
- Richard Helliwell
- Klaus Mittenzwei
- Sissel Rønning
- Christian A. Klöckner
- Hugh Campbell
- Gary Polhill
- Nick Roxburgh
- Kenneth Vilhelmsen
Note
Forfattere: Mads Dahl Gjefsen, Rob Burton, Sissel Rønning, Christian A. Klöckner, Richard Helliwell, Klaus Mittenzwei, Hugh Campbell, Gary Polhill, Nick Roxburgh, Kenneth Vilhelmsen
When Protein2.0 was funded in 2018 there were 30 startups working on cultivated proteins investing sums of money ranging between tens of thousands and a few hundreds of thousands of U.S. dollars. Now, as we approach the end of 2022, there are hundreds of startups engaged in the development of meat and milk proteins (including some worth over a billion US dollars) and a growing commercial support infrastructure.Article
Writers: Madeleine Gustavsson and Maja Farstad
Much feminist rural geography to date has centred on understanding gender issues in rural space. Norwegian scholars have been leading the way in identifying new themes and approaches to examining the positions of women and men on farms and in farming communities, which has contributed to important contextual knowledge of gender relations on Norwegian farms, as well as conceptual understandings of farming lives more broadly. The article has the same objective. The authors review the extensive body of literature and identify themes, trajectories, approaches, and concepts used since the 1990s. They find that there were three main periods: 1990s to 1997, with early work that sought to describe gender roles; 1994–2005, when constructivist approaches were used; and the mid-2000s onwards, when researchers ‘branched out’ to study more specific themes. To encourage a widening of feminist perspectives in Norwegian farming and forestry, the authors suggest taking up (1) an intersectional approach in attending to gender, sexuality, class, ethnicity, and ability, (2) a decolonial approach, and (3) a focus on the ‘green transition’. They conclude that, together, these could help to address pressing issues relating to equity, sustainability, and the future of agriculture and forestry in Norwegian contexts.
Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography, Volume 76, 2022 - Issue 5, Pages 286-299, https://doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2022.2156920
Report
Jordbruket er avhengig av klimaet – og bidrar til klimaet. De senere årene har det vist seg at jordbruket, sammen med de fleste andre sektorer i samfunnet, bidrar til høyere klimagassutslipp (CO2, N20, CH4) enn det som er ønskelig.
- Sunniva Midthaug Solnør
- Katrina Rønningen
- Pia Piroschka Otte
- Kristian Borch
- Karl Sperling
- Jørn Thomassen
- Bård G. Stokke
Note
Writers: Sunniva Midthaug Solnør, Katrina Rønningen, Pia Piroschka Otte, Kristian Borch, Karl Sperling, Jørn Thomassen, Bård G. Stokke
Fornybar energi er et av de sterkeste konfliktområdene i den norske klima- og miljødebatten. Ferske studier i vindkraftutbygging peker på manglende transparens i tildeling av konsesjoner, lisenser og prosesser, og demokratiske svakheter. Fordeling av goder og ulemper fra utnytting av naturressurser for fornybar energi har også blitt et sentralt tema.- Brit Logstein
- Anna Kristine Sokki Bongo
- Johan Martin Stenfjell
Report
Varresvuohta, birás ja oaggásvuohta ællosujton. Guoradallama båhtusa ællobarggijs
Healsoe, byjrese jih tjirkeme båatsosne. Maam lea goerehtimmie båatsoeburrijste gaavneme
Dearvvašvuohta, biras ja sihkkarvuohta boazodoalus. Bohtosat boazobargiid jearahallamis
Forfattere: Anna Kristine Sokki Bongo, Johan Martin Stenfjell og Brit Logstein As an important part of the project Health, Environment and Safety (HES) in Reindeer herds a survey was carried out among reindeer herders in 2020. An invitation to participate was conveyed via district managers in reindeer husbandry and managers from domestic reindeer herding units, and 311 people took part in the survey. Representatives from the reindeer herding have been involved in all parts of the process. They were invited to communicate what should be emphasized in such a survey, important questions to include and they were offered to give input to the report. People with expertise in Sami language and culture were finally central in the interpretation of findings and for writing this report.Article
Writers: Rob Burton and Pia P. Otte
Family farms go through cyclical stages of development and contraction as a result of the overlapping of business goals and generational changes. This ‘farm family life-cycle’ results in periods within which farm families are highly innovative and farmers willing to invest, and other periods where innovativeness and investment are highly unlikely. Within the climate change mitigation literature, innovativeness and willingness to invest have been identified as key drivers of adoption – yet the possible connection between farm family life-cycle and mitigation has yet to be explored. In this paper we address this issue through a survey of 465 farmers in Norway. We first defined life-cycle stages on the basis of theory and then employed a cluster analysis to deductively sort farmers into stages (‘early-stage developers’, ‘commercial developers’, ‘commercial disengagers’ and ‘semi-retired withdrawers’). Testing these clusters against mitigation intention, and other climate change response data, we found significant differences across a range of measures and a progressive trend of declining mitigation intention throughout the life-cycle stages. We conclude that, while our evidence supports the existence of a relationship, additional research is required and, to facilitate this, suggest how future studies might further these investigations towards the goal of developing life-cycle stage related policies for agriculture.Journal of Rural Studies, Volume 96, December 2022, Pages 270-281, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.10.006
- Maja Farstad
- Anders M. Melås
- Laurens Klerkx
Article
Writers: Maja Farstad, Anders Mahlum Melås and Laurens Klerkx
The implementation of climate mitigation measures at the farm level is highly dependent on farmers' willingness to make adjustments to their farms. While many studies have identified various barriers to climate mitigation in agriculture – among them farmers’ weak interest in climate – there has been less research focused on the different kinds of influences actually leading to the decisions and acts of implementing relevant measures. Hence, we undertook a qualitative investigation of eight Norwegian farms that have employed a range of such measures. Most importantly, our findings show that climate considerations are not an essential driver among farmers who have implemented relevant measures. Instead, climate mitigation measures are mainly perceived as, treated as, and appreciated for offering (farm-beneficial) functions other than climate change mitigation. Consequently, our study displays an opportunity for diffusion of technology and practices often believed to be curbed by the lack of climate-oriented farmers. Further, our findings point to a range of shared, favourable, contextual conditions (robust farm economy/economies of scale; sufficient time for farming; prospects for farm continuation; relevant subsidy schemes; beneficial climate and topography) enabling the implementation of climate mitigation measures on the involved farms. This reflects the reduced ability of farmers to act in climate-beneficial ways when these conditions are absent or exist with a negative sign. The mutual dependency between intrinsic drivers and enabling contextual conditions underlines the need for both research and development strategies that consider the entire picture. This would include targeting both critical enabling conditions for farmers and the message framing employed to promote climate-beneficial changes at the farm level.Journal of Rural Studies, Volume 96, December 2022, Pages 259-269, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2022.11.003